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Austria
Brazil
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Georgia
Germany
India
Kenya
Republic of Korea
Mexico
Morocco
Norway
Panama
Río Negro Province, Argentina
South Africa
South Australia State, Australia
Spain
United Arab Emirates
Zimbabwe
AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE-INTEC)
Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW)
Fundación Bariloche (FB)
Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA)
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
International Solar Energy Society (ISES)
National Research University Higher School of Economics Russia (HSE)
South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI)Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
Transforma Global (Transforma)
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
University of Technology – Institute for Sustainable Futures (UTS)
World Resources Institute (WRI)
Future Energy Storage and System Integration Alliance (FESSIA)
Hydropower Sustainability Alliance (HSA)
SLOCAT Partnership on sustainable, low carbon transport (SLOCAT)
UN Science Policy Business Forum on the Environment (UNSPBF)
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CCREEE)
ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE)
Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Executive Committee) (EPC)
European Commission (EC)
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
International Energy Agency (IEA)
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)
Latin American and Caribbean Energy Organization (OLACDE)
Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
World Bank (WB)
Africa Minigrid Developers Association (AMDA)
Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE)
American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE)
Asia Pacific Urban Energy Association (APUEA)
Associação Lusófona de Energias Renováveis (ALER)
Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA)
Clean Energy Council (CEC)
Euroheat & Power (EHP)
European Heat Pump Association (EHPA)
European Renewable Energies Federation (EREF)
Global Off-Grid Lighting Association (GOGLA)
Global Solar Council (GSC)
Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)
Green Hydrogen Organisation (GH2)
Indian Renewable Energy Federation (IREF)
International Geothermal Association (IGA)
International Hydropower Association (IHA)
International Union of Railways / Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (UIC)
Long Duration Energy Storage Council (LDES)
Portuguese Association of Renewable Energy (APREN)
RE100 / Climate Group (RE100)
RES4Africa Foundation (RES4Africa)
Solar Heat Europe (SHE)
SolarPower Europe (SPE)
The Global 100% Renewable Energy Platform (Global 100% RE)
Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP)
World Bioenergy Association (WBA)
World Biogas Association
World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)
350.org
African Association for Rural Electrification (Club-ER)
Asociación Ivy
CDP
Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA)
Climate Action Network International (CAN-I)
Coalition de Ciudades Capitales de las Americas (CC35)
Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP)
Energy Cities
Energy Peace Partners (EPP)
European Youth Energy Network (EYEN)
Fundación Renovables (FER)
Global Forum on Sustainable Energy (GFSE)
Global Women’s Network for the Energy Transition (GWNET)
Green Economy Coalition (GEC)
Greenpeace International
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
Jeune Volontaires pour l’Environnement (JVE)
Mali Folkecenter (MFC)
Power for All
Power Shift Africa
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)
Renewable Energy Institute (REI)
Renewables Grid Initiative (RGI)
Solar Cookers International (SCI)
Solutions for Our Climate (SFOC)
Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA)
Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)
The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
Women Engage for a Common Future (WECF)
World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE)
World Future Council (WFC)
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Seleshi Bekele Awulachew
Rabia Ferroukhi
James Fletcher
David Hales
Kirsty Hamilton
Sanghoon Lee
Rosilena Lindo Riggs
Peter Rae
Ramón Méndez Galain
Rana Adib
Jad Baba
Emily Océane Hommerich
Janne Luise Piper
Andrea Wainer
Jiayi Wang
Glen Wright
Vibhushree Hamirwasia
Mariela Lopez-Hidalgo
Ian Mirandilla
Danielle Arnisto
Rochelle Gluzman
Nabilah Tarin
Thomas André
Stefanie Gicquel
Jonas Reolon Kramer
Hala Kilani
Laura Williamson
This report was commissioned by REN21 and produced in collaboration with a global network of research partners. Financing was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWE). A large share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.

Mohammed Abdalghafoor (Ernst & Young); Hassan Aboughalma (Georenco); Tayma Abu Ayyash (Independent Consultant); Richardson Adesuyi (ADCOM Royal Energy); Damilola Adeyanju (Climate Group); Sarah Ahlrichs (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany); Hasnaat Ahmed (Technische Universität München); Youssouf Ahmed Eusman (National Grid SA); Housam Al Rakouki (Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems); Grace Alexander (Conflict and Environment Observatory); Mariam Allam (Climate Champions Team); Jerson Amorocho (Buildings Performance Institute Europe - BPIE); Rosaria Arancio (Global Alliance); Niken Arumdati (Independent Consultant); Mahmoud Ashri (Lotus Middle East); Diana Athamneh (Independent Consultant); Giorgio Avetta (Independent Consultant); Emmanuel Aziebor (Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program - CLASP); Payal B. Joshi (Shefali Research Laboratories); Nafaa Baccari (National Agency for Energy Conservation); Sheikh Ahmed Tijan Bah (Unique Energy); Chris Banks (SLB); Seleshi Bekele Awulachew (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century); Basim Belgasim (Libyan Authority for Scientific Research); Francisco Beltran (International Solar Energy Society); Fabrizio Bonemazzi (Renewable Energy Solutions for Africa); Ayat-Allah Bouramdane (Independent Researcher); Mara Braun (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit - GIZ); Gonzalo Bravo (Fundación Bariloche); Rebecca Brenner (World Bioenergy Association - WBA); Iskander Buranov (Institute of Energy Problems, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan); Jan Burck (Germanwatch); Alicia Butterfield (Global Electric Cooking Coalition); Thailys Campos Magalhães (University of Porto); María Eugenia Castelao Caruana (Fundación Bariloche); Eugenia Castelao (Fundación Bariloche); Juan Molina Castro (Colombia Inteligente); Sakshi Chandra (Sustainable Energy for All - SEforALL); Pedro Chévez (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET); Sreenivas Chigullapalli (India's Translational Research Initiative); Isaac Chiridza (Ministry of Energy and Power Development of Zimbabwe); Chuck Chuan Ng (Xiamen University Malaysia); Suani Coelho (University of São Paulo); Silvia Cossa (Global Renewables Alliance); Angela Oliveira da Costa (Energy Research Office of Brazil); Giulia Cretti (Clingendael Institute); Martin Dapelo (Argentine Chamber of Renewable Energies); Saikat Das (YOUNGO Energy Working Group); Mariana Daykova (dss+); Sofía Delgado (POLEN Transiciones Justas); Lena Dente (World Future Council); Nouhoun Diarra (International Energy Agency - IEA); Zuzana Dobrotkova (IEA); Alison Doig (Climate and Energy Justice Collective); Julie Ducasse (Climate Action Network International - CAN); Jacob E John (United Nations Environment Programme); Mahir Ege Hepsen (European Youth Energy Network - EYEN); Rebecca Ellis (International Hydropower Association - IHA); Myagmardorj Enkhmend (Mongolian Renewables Industries Association); Abdullah Fahad (International Renewable Energy Agency - IRENA); João Falange Januário (Sistec, SA); Carlotta Ferri (EYEN); Alción Alonso Frank (CONICET); Theophilus Frimpong Adu (Cape Coast Technical University); Diego Gabriel Sánchez Cruz (Universidad Tecnológica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca); Alba Gamarra de Guardia (Centro de Información en Energías Renovables); Luka Garibashvili (Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia); Esteban Gas (Solar Heat Europe); Victor Gathogo (ClimateWorks Foundation); Stavros Gennitsaris (University of Piraeus); Veronika Gerald Kimario (Climate Action Network); Leila Ghomri (University Abdelhamid Ibn Badis Mostaganem); Duncan Gibb (Regulatory Assistance Project); Sofja Giljova (GIZ); Alina Gilmanova (CSP Energies); Irene Giner-Reichl (Global Forum on Sustainable Energy); Kanak Gokarn (Local Governments for Sustainability - ICLEI); Margie Maria Gonzalez (Energy Transition Norway Sa); Patrizia Gragnani (University of Southern Denmark); Debbie Gray (IHA); Stefan Gsänger (World Wind Energy Association); Carlos Guadarrama (World Bank); Audrey Hackett (Convergence Infrastructure); Iffah Hafizah (Daya Makara UI); Shah Zulfiqar Haider (EMI Consultant); Ian Hamilton (University College London); Ahmed Hamza Ali (Assiut University); Mostafa Hasaneen (Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency); Stefanie Held (ClimateWorks Foundation / Global Industry Hub); Nelson Hernandez (Academia de Ingeniería y Hábitat); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation); Isha Hiremath (Long Duration Energy Storage Council); Lars Holstenkamp (ECOLOG Institute for Social-Ecological Research and Education); Christopher Hope (United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO); Lucien Hua (BPIE); Waqas Hussain (Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen); Georgia Iordanescu (UNIDO); Alok Jain (Trans-Consult); Purva Jain (Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis - IEEFA); Akshay Jamdade (Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport - SLOCAT); Mwangi Jamlick (Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology - JKUAT); Andrews Aibi Junior (Alliance for Sustainability Education); Tarek Safwat Kabel (University of Sadat City); Agroui Kamel (Research Center in Semiconductor Technology for Energetics); Joni Karjalainen (University of Turku, Finland Futures Research Centre); Kevin Kasyoka (Kenya Electricity Transmission Company); Kamil Kaygusuz (Karadeniz Technical University); Ashraf Khadam (Islamic Development Bank); Nazar Imam Khan (Jamia Millia Islamia); Varun Khanna (Project Solutions International); Atupele Kilindu (PEAK Energies Limited); Sam Kimmins (Climate Group); Ferenc Kis (Central European University); Judit Kockat (BPIE); Musaope Kondwelani Mtamba (Sutsol Hitec Solutions Pty Ltd); Kavya Koonampilli (WBA); Divya Kottadiel (SEforALL); Guillermo Koutoudjian (Fundación Ivy); Chennapragada Venkata Krishna Bhanu (Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering); Philip L. Russell (Mexico Energy News); Tara Laan (International Institute for Sustainable Development - IISD); Padmasai Lakshmi Bhamidipati (UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre); Dana Lawrence (SAMPOL); Sanghoon Lee (UNIST); Alejandra Leon (WBA); Alejandra Leon Lavandera (WBA); Enzo Leone (International Institute for Environment and Development); Debora Ley (RC4); Longfei Li (Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization); Kerstin Linden (GIZ); Rosilena Lindo Riggs (Independent Consultant); Juan Roberto Lozano-Maya (National Energy Control Center of Mexico); Jinlong Ma (APEC Sustainable Energy Center); Nomthandazo. A. Mabena (Power Shift Africa); Abubakar Musa Magaga (Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology); Katherine Manchester (Clean Cooking Alliance); Janelle May Inojales (United Nations Office for Sustainable Development); Njoke Mbanda Lionel Romeo (Global Youth Development Alliance); Jean McLean (Green Economy Coalition); Nikola Medimorec (SLOCAT); Yasmin Meerholz (Southern Transitions / Rabia Initiative); Jonathan Mhango (Independent Consultant); Emmanuel Michael Biririza (Norwegian Capacity / Norwegian Refugee Council); Paulette Middleton (Panorama Pathways); Jose Miguel Gonzalez Pinel (Independent Consultant); Doug Miller (Energy Peace Partners); Janet Milongo (CAN); Sunil Mohan Sinha (GAES India); Martha Molfetas (Pratt Institute); Sabatha Mthwecu (Solar Rais); Esther Muringo Wang'ombe (Ministry of Energy and Petroleum of Kenya); Faisal Muse Farah (Ministry of Energy and Minerals of Somaliland); Jamlick Mwangi (JKUAT); Bernard Ndaye (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Energies Renouvelables Kitsisa Khonde); Dianah Ngui (CLASP); Quang Nhat Do (IISD); Diana Caroline Njama (Organization for a United Africa); Nyasha Noel Munodawafa (Enzi-Ijayo); Riasat Noor (Monash University); Onyekachi Nwafor (KatexPower); Rosemary Nyambura Murigu (Kijani Technologies); Jesse Nyokabi (GEL); Chandelle O'Neil (Youth Climate Justice Fund); Maurice Ouma Odhiambo (Jamaa Resource Initiatives); Paolo Pagaduan (Asian Peoples' Movement on Debt and Development); Jiahua Pan (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology); AnilKumar Pappala (INDUS); Dasom Park (K&C); Elena Perez (IHA); Zahra Pezeshki (Moscow Power Engineering Institute); Ramesh Poluru (The INCLEN Trust International); Ranjan Prakash Shrestha (European Union Delegation to Nepal); Uwe R. Fritsche (IINAS); Nizomiddin Rakhmanov (Asian Development Bank); Bard Rama (Independent Consultant); Saqib Rehan (KTH Royal Institute of Technology); Manuel Robalo Évora (SONSEC SA); Njoke Mbanda Lionel Romeo (Global SDGs and Leadership Development Center); Juan Roncancio (POLEN Transiciones Justas); Sara Rosen (Solar Cookers International); Shirish S Garud (The Energy and Resources Institute); Saloni Sachdeva (IEEFA); Jack Saddler (University of British Columbia); Ignacio Sagardoy (Fundación Bariloche); Abubakar Saidu Midala (Youth Alliance for Leadership and Development in Africa); Yusuf Sanni (Sun King); Max Schmidt (Mercator Fellowship on International Affairs); Ousseini Seidina Ousseini (Independent Consultant); Füsun Servin Tut Haklıdır (Istanbul Bilgi University); Ali Shahhoseini (MAPNA Group); Shuwei Shawn Zhang (Draworld Environment Research Center); Shruti Shukla (Natural Resources Defense Council); Gondia Sokhna Seck (IRENA); Ostin Leonel Solis Avila (UNITECH); Nicolae Soloviov (Institute of Power Engineering); William Wallace Moekahi Steiner (Hawaii Oil Seed Producers); Matthew Stubberfield (Future Energy Storage & System Integration Alliance); Simona Suardi (The Greens/European Free Alliance); Dhilon Subramanian (World Resources Institute India); Jewon Suh (Blue Renewable Energy Co., Ltd.); Sumbal Tasawwar (ICLEI); Lebeau Pemha Thina (Association Internationale pour le Partenariat et l'Emergence en Afrique / Association Internationale pour les Pauvres, les Indignés et l'Assistance); Victor Thomas Otieno (World Resources Institute); Richard Thonig (University of Potsdam); Aleksandra Tomic (Parliament of the Republic of Serbia / Innovation Center of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering); James Trinder (Climate Action Network Europe); Galyna Trypolska (Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine); Füsun Tut Haklidir (Istanbul Bilgi University); Akanksha Tyagi (Council on Energy, Environment and Water); Idiongoabasi Udoh (Independent Consultant); Prachi Ugle (Smartedge Consulting); Rodrigo Valdovinos (Instituto del Medio Ambiente); Veronica Valencia Hernandez (Transforma); Maryke Van Staden (ICLEI); Diocelina Toledo Vazquez (Comisión Federal de Electricidad de Mexico); Ania Vercelloti (Bright Renewables); Matías Verdú (Universidad Tecnológica Nacional de Argentina); Olola Vieyra (Global Green Growth Institute); Marion Walker (Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg); Robert Wasser (Energethik Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH); Werner Weiss (Institute for Sustainable Technologies); Julia Weppler (Stockholm Environment Institute); Piotr Wójtowicz (Wikimedia Foundation); Amin Yahya Khotbehsara (Anhalt University of Applied Sciences); Chan Yang (Global Industry Hub); Peter Yang (Case Western Reserve University); Ang Ye (Deutsche Energie-Agentur); Nevin Yehia (RE); Nawal Yousif Alhanaee (Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure of the United Arab Emirates); Hameedullah Zaheb (Kabul University); Mazyar Zand (TU Wien); Nomfundo Zondi (Simubone Water Energy)
RBE Advisors
Matteo Bianciotto – International Hydropower Association
Nhat Do – International Institute for Sustainable Development
Laura El-Katiri – International Network for Energy Transition Think Tanks
Nadeem Goussous – International Renewable Energy Agency
Diala Hawila – International Renewable Energy Agency
Lauren Hermanus – Southern Transitions
Dave Jones – Ember
Uni Lee – Ember
Gondia So Seck – International Renewable Energy Agency
Rohit Sen – ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
Stephan Singer – Climate Action Network
Anuj Xess – Council on Energy, Environment and Water
89up (Design)
Lisa Mastny (Editor)





